Olfactory Neuroblastoma

Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB), also known as esthesioneuroblastoma, is a rare cancer originating in the olfactory neuroepithelial cells in the upper nasal cavity. Symptoms often mimic a sinus infection, including nasal congestion, nosebleeds, and a loss of smell.

The exact cause of olfactory neuroblastoma is unknown, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations and chromosomal abnormalities. Potential risk factors include exposure to certain environmental chemicals and particles like wood dust, nickel, and formaldehyde, as well as tobacco smoke, though these links are not fully established. 

Symptoms of olfactory neuroblastoma include nasal congestion, nosebleeds, loss of smell, and facial pain. As the tumor grows, it can cause more severe symptoms like vision changes, swelling around the eyes, and facial numbness. Other potential symptoms include headaches, discharge from the nose, and sinus infections. 

Diagnosing olfactory neuroblastoma involves a combination of imaging tests, such as MRI and CT scans, to locate and assess the tumor, and a biopsy to confirm the diagnosis through tissue analysis. Initially, a doctor will perform a physical exam and discuss symptoms like loss of smell, nosebleeds, and congestion. An endoscopic examination may also be used to visualize the nasal cavity. 

Minimally invasive techniques like the endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) are increasingly used. This method enters through the nose and nasal cavities, resulting in faster recovery, no external incisions, and less disfigurement compared to traditional open surgeries.